Different Research Methods Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Different Methods - Research Paper Example uthors believed that â€Å"a deeper understanding of these transitions is required in order to assist prospective science teachers during their pre-service years and support them during their early years in schools† (Mulholland & Wallace, 2007, p.880). To achieve their objective, the researchers designed a qualitative research through the use of a longitudinal case study. With two Australian primary teachers as participants, the research lasted for four years documenting their transition from pre-service to in-service teaching. The constructivist/interpretative approach was used as the framework for the research with â€Å"case study as its organizing perspective† (Mulholland & Wallace, 2007, p.880). Adopting a constructivist/ interpretative framework allowed the researchers to use their expertise and experiences in gaining in-depth understanding of the experiences of novice teachers. Interpretative or constructivist research â€Å"assumes that reality is socially constructed, that there is no single, observable reality† (Merriam, 2009, p.216). This paradigm states that because individuals have the natural propensity to seek meaning and understanding of the world, there are various interpretations of different events. The role of the researcher then is to construct knowledge about what is examined both from his/her perception and the respondents of the study. Data from an experimental methodology or quantitative research cannot substantiate the experiences that the researchers wish to investigate. Due to the nature of the problem and objectives that the researchers wished to attain, a longitudinal case study was employed. The researchers are highly involved in a sense that they had prior theoretical knowledge and experience about the topic. The constructivist/ interpretative approach ensured that the results gathered will reflect both the interpretations of the respondents and the researchers. It is crucial for the objectives of the study to gather data during the

Purification of Alcohol Dehydrogenase From Bovine Liver

Purification of Alcohol Dehydrogenase From Bovine Liver Jekathjenani Ratnakumaran Namrata Verma Introduction: In the world of chemistry, there are millions of enzymes, but in this lab the enzyme used is bovine alcohol dehydrogenase. This enzyme occurs in various mammalian tissues, but generally found in high concentrations in the organs such as liver and kidney. According to its name Bovine alcohol dehydrogenase, which implicates that it is collectively formed from bovine (cow), alcohol and the enzyme dehydrogenase. The protein was extracted from the liver of bovine. Alcohol is an organic compound which contains carbon atom (single bonds) and hydrogen atoms. This alcohol is available in various forms of liquid and used for a variety of purposes. According to its properties, alcohol is a hydroxyl group which has a sweet odor similar to fruit. Alcohol are further divided and identified into different groups and also they are polar. As they possess hydrogen bonding they have higher boiling points. Dehydrogenase is a type of an enzyme which oxidizes a substrate by a reduction reaction that trans fers one or more hydrogen H- to the electron acceptor which is NAD+ /NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) or FAD Flavin coenzyme (Shibusawa et al, 2004). Collectively, it forms alcohol dehydrogenase, which is ADH persuaded by ethanol and acetaldehyde as they relate to carbon catabolite repression. It is also zinc containing enzyme which is activated by glutathione and EDTA, which contains heavy metals (Pateman et al, 1983). Many organisms contain an alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme which catalyzes the NADPH dependent of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes into subsequent alcohols and catalyze the reduction of glyceraldehyde to glycerol (Arslanian et al, 1971). Alcohol dehydrogenase contains a several isozymes which catalyze the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to convert into aldehydes and ketones (Arslanian et al, 1971). The molecular weight of this enzyme is 39677.13 Da and it is made up of 374 amino acid sequence. The monoisotopic mass of this enzyme is 39651.32 and its p H value ranges between 8.6 to 9.0 with an extension coefficient of 12.6 and an isoelectric point at 5.4, its theoretical pI is 7.46.The alcohol dehydrogenase is also known for its battle against alcohol , its toxic molecules which negotiates with the nervous system so, the body organs which consist of high toxic of alcohol are liver and stomach which converts alcohol to acetaldehyde which is even more toxic substance and further it is conversted to acetate which is utilized by the cells present within our body (Goodsell et al, 2001). So overall, alcohol dehydrogenase converts potentially dangerous molecule into food ustilized by the cells preent within the body.In human bidy, alcohol dehydrogenase can create upto nine different kinds of alcohol dehydrogenase each having different properties. For example in liver beta3 enzyme(Goodsell et al, 2001).These each enzyme is formed of two subunits and they can be mixed and match to create mixed dimerss which are more active.Alcohol dehdroge nates also modifies certain other alcohols with giving outcome of dangerous products such as methanol. These by products are converted into formaldehyde by help of alcohol dehydrogenase (Goodsell et al, 2001). Catalytic activity of alcohol dehydrogenase: NADPH + an aldehyde NADP+ + an alcohol Methods: In order to conduct this laboratory experiment, All the required apparatus and materials were provided during the lab. Certain precautions and safety rules were followed such as gloves, safety glasses and lab coat. This lab was conducted for about duration of 11-12 weeks. According to the article (Arslanian et al, 1971) most of the steps and procedure was followed. Purification of the enzyme was carried out by following up eight steps. Precautions were made while the experiment was performed. Equipments were rinsed with distilled water before starting the experiment. The reagent and buffer solution were prepared with distilled water. All procedures were carried out at 0-40C. Buffer Preparation: The first step involved in the buffer preparation. The stock solution, 0.1M Tris HCl at pH 7.6 was prepared by dissolving 12.14 g of Tris base with 1000 ml of distilled water and the pH was adjusted to 7.6 by adding diluted HCl. The Tris HCl buffer solution with different concentrations such as 10mM (pH 7.5), 40mM (pH 7.6) and 50mM (pH 7.5) were prepared by diluting the stock solution with distilled water. Sodium Chloride elutant buffer (0.16M NaCl) was prepared by dissolving 9.3504 g of NaCl with 1000 ml of distilled water. Preparation of Homogenate: The second step involved the preparation of the homogenate. The bovine liver was homogenized in a Waring blender in 90 ml of 0.32 M sucrose in 10mM Tris HCl buffer at pH 7.5. Approximately 27.39 g of sucrose was added in 250 ml of 0.01M Tris HCl to make 0.32M sucrose in 10mM of Tris HCl at pH 7.5. The homogenate was centrifuged at 15000 RPM for 30 minutes using centrifuge-Sorvall RC5 refrigerated centrifuge SS 34. Ammonium Sulfate Fractionation: Step three involved ammonium sulfate fractionation. The homogenate was 35% saturated and equilibrated with ammonium sulfate by dissolving 20.9 g of ammonium sulfate in 250 ml of distilled water. The supernatant was centrifuged at 15000 RPM for 30 minutes and the precipitate was discarded. Then, concentration was increased to 60% saturated ammonium sulfate by dissolving 16.4 g in 500 ml of distilled water. The suspension was centrifuged at 15000 RPM for 30 minutes. The obtained gray pellet was dissolved in 40mM Tris HCl buffer at pH 7.6. Then, the solution was dialyzed against 2L of 0.04M Tris HCl at pH 7.6 for 24 hours and again dialyzed with same buffer for another 24 hours. Performing DEAE-Sepharose Chromatography: The fourth step involved DEAE-Sephrose Chromatography. DEAE-Sepharose column that can hold up to 10ml volume was applied. The column was equilibrated by applying four times of 10ml of 40mM of Tris HCl, pH 7.6 buffer. About 10ml volume of centrifuged and dialyzed material was applied through the column. The column was washed with the same buffer (40mM of Tris HCl, pH 7.6) and then eluted by 40mM of Tris HCl with 50mM of NaCl. About 1 ml volume of twenty fractions of enzyme solution was collected using microfuge tubes. Enzyme Activity Assay: Fifth step involved measuring enzyme activity using a spectrometer. The enzymatic activity was initiated with 1mL of volume of blank solution containing 20  µl of distilled water, 10  µl 33mM of ethanol, 10  µl of 0.26mM of NAD+ and 960  µl of 0.1M of glycine buffer. Enzymatic assay activity was measured by taking total volume of 1000  µl containing 20 µl of enzyme solution, 10  µl 33mM of ethanol, 10  µl of 0.26mM of NAD+ and 960  µl of 0.1M of glycine buffer. The wavelength was set up at 340nm and measured using Cary 50s and 60s spectrometer. One unit of activity equals 1 µmol NADH produced per min based on the absorption coefficient of 6220 mol/l/cm for NADH at 340 nm. The above procedure was repeated for kinetic analysis and the range of ethanol concentration used was 20 to 25 mM. The observed data were fitted using Lineweaver -Burk kinetic plots. Gel filtration: The sixth step involved gel filtration. The enzyme was precipitated by 62% saturated ammonium sulfate and dissolve in 10ml of 50 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5. The suspension was centrifuged for 20 min at 10000 RPM. Then, the column of Sephadex G-50 was run with 10 ml of enzyme solution. The column was equilibrated and washed with 50 M Tris- HCl buffer, pH 7.5. Then, the column was eluted by 50mM of Tris HCl with 50mM of NaCl. Around 10 fractions were collected at the rate of 1 ml/min in a microfuge tube. The highest highest specific activity fractions were precipitated by 62% saturation with ammonium sulfate. In the final step, the enzyme was redissolved in 5 ml of same buffer and apply to the column of Sephadex G-50 under the same conditions. Again, the highest specific activity fractions were precipitated by 62% saturation with ammonium sulfate. Performing CM-Sephadex chromatography: The precipitated enzyme was dissolved in 1 ml of potassium phosphate buffer contain 0.02M of NaCl, pH 7.0 and the enzyme solution was dialyzed against the same buffer for 2 hours. 10ml of non diffusible material was applied to a CM-Sephadex column. Then, the column was equilibrated with the same buffer. Then, the enzyme was eluted from the column with two column volumes of 0.16 M of NaCl (20ml). 10 fractions were collected and precipitated with 62% saturated ammonium sulfate. Bradford Assay: The eighth step involved Bradford Assay. The data (absorbance) observed from Bradford Assay Standards was used for calculating the mass of BSA in  µg. The final step used in this experiment was SDS PAGE method. About 20 µl of enzyme with loading buffer was loaded on the gel and by observing the gel, the mass of the protein was calculated. Results: Bovine Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) was purified by following up few methods. The experimental results were observed and recorded for appropriate methods. Using DEAE Sepharose Chromatography, fractions were collected and all the fractions were appeared colorless. The enzymatic assay activity was measured at 340nm using spectrometer. The figure 1 indicates that the enzyme activity was increased by absorbing the NADH. The highest specific activity was selected based on the graph obtained in the enzyme kinetic activity. However, this method failed, resulting no increased activity. The enzyme kinetic activity had done for all the fractions, but none of them shown the accurate result. The graph obtained from the spectrometer does not show the increased activity of the enzyme to conclude the presence of protein. The result of the enzyme activities of collecting fractions was shown in figure 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 respectively. However, the Bradford assay method was performed and the absorbance of the standards and the enzyme were recorded in the following tables. Based on these values, the graph of standard curve of absorbance versus mass of BSA was plotted. Table 1: The following table represents the recorded values of absorbance at 540 nm and calculated the mass of the BSA using the Bradford assay method Figure 1: Represents the enzymatic activity obtained from the purified protein ADH after ammonium fractionation method had performed and the peaks are showing that activity is increased. The above plot was obtained at 340 nm using Cary 50s-60s spectrometer and it was run as two parts for 4 minutes. Figure 2: Represents the standard curve of A595 versus mass of ADH protein obtained from the Bradford assay method. From the slope value obtained from the curve, the mass of the ADH protein was calculated. The mass of the protein calculated from the figure 2 is 4.766  µg and concentration of the protein is 4.766  µg / 25  µl SDS-PAGE method: Table 2: Represents the recorded values of SDS-PAGE method for the determination of molecular weight of the ADH purified protein Protein Molecular weight (Dalton) Log (Molecular Weight) Mobility (cm) Strand 1 60000 4.778 4.8 Strand 2 50000 4.699 5.1 Strand 3 40000 4.602 6.5 Strand 4 25000 4.398 7.0 Strand 5 20000 4.301 9.3 Figure 3: Represents the SDS-PAGE analysis of purified protein bovine Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH). The graph was plotted with log of molecular weight versus mobility of protein based on the SDS-PAGE values. Figure 4: Represents the single band on an SDS-PAGE gel (9th lane). This figure shown the proof of the protein ADH present in the enzyme solution and mass of the protein was calculated based on the obtained SDS-PAGE results. From the figure 3 and 4, the mass of the protein calculated is 345143.74 Da Figure 5: Represents the enzymatic activity obtained in the fraction 9th of the purified protein ADH and the peaks are obtained at 340 nm using Cary 50s-60s spectrometer. Figure 6: Represents the enzymatic activity obtained in the fraction 10th of the purified protein ADH and the peaks are obtained at 340 nm using Cary 50s-60s spectrometer. Figure 7: Represents the enzymatic activity obtained in the fraction 12th of the purified protein ADH and the peaks are obtained at 340 nm using Cary 50s-60s spectrometer. Figure 8: Represents the enzymatic activity obtained in the fraction 13th of the purified protein ADH and the peaks are obtained at 340 nm using Cary 50s-60s spectrometer. Figure 9: Represents the enzymatic activity obtained in the fraction 14th of the purified protein ADH and the peaks are obtained at 340 nm using Cary 50s-60s spectrometer. Discussion: According to the experimental study, the outcome results were not satisfying, so overall the experiment was not successful it failed. Based on the SDS-PAGE, ADH purified protein was not much visible clearly on the gel. Proteins are viewed as bands. SDS-PAGE results indicates that smaller protein molecules are at the bottom of the gel and larger molecules are at the top of the gel. This is showing that SDS-PAGE gel separate the protein molecules based on the size and mass of the protein. Most of the protein bands are viewed in between the molecular weight, 100 kDa and 30 kDa. Determining mass and purifying the protein, Bovine Alcohol Dehydrogenase using the Bradford assay and SDS-PAGE procedure was conducted successfully using this experiment. The result obtained in the SDS-PAGE and Bradford Assay are differ from the standard value and the concentration of the protein was determined using these methods. Based on the molecular mass on the EXPASY website, the standard molecular mass of the ADH protein is 39677.13 Da. The experimental mass of the ADH protein is 345143.74 Da. The mass difference is a large number. This could occur due to the experimental errors. The experimental errors can be avoided by handling equipments and following the instructions in a proper manner. Predicting the protein band on SDS-PAGE gel could cause the error. Moreover, the purification method such as DEAE Sepharose Chromatography was performed to test the enzyme activity of the protein. The obtained results are shown as a figure 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 in the results section. The overall results obtained in these figures indicated that the experiment was not turned successful. The figure 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 shown that enzyme activities are decreasing and wiggling. They are not constantly increasing or decreasing. Therefore, it was concluded that the purification of the enzyme was not turned positive and it could be due to the human errors occurred while conducting the experiment. This could be po ssible due to various reasons such as, during measurements for making the solution at the very beginning may be the concentration required was not appropriate, due to human error it was not properly mixed. It could also be possible that while grinding the liver , certain chunks of the liver were still not properly collected due to which the amount of liver used was not effective to obtain supportive and positive results.The variability of the results presented here is loss of certain atoms during the process of purification as their was no enzyme activity observed.The substrate studies of the alcohol dehydrogenase isolated from the bovine liver have demonstrated the hydrophobic site for binding alcohol (Arslanian et al, 1971). The article mentioned that the buffer that has a low ionic strength is used for the enzyme adsorbtion which caused the incomplete deactivation of enzymes and it was proven evidently (Arslanian et al, 1971). Moreover, as there is no enzyme activity measured in step 5 (DEAE- Sephrose Chromatography), the gel filtration and CM-Sephadex Chromatography method was not performed for this study. The enzyme purification might get succeeded if the study has performed these two methods. The article mentioned that gel filtrations on Sephadex G-100 has successive ability to separate the enzyme from non enzyme protein (Arslanian et al, 1971.) For further studies, more information is required before conducting the study as well as the time allotted was less, due to which it could suggest certain results and test were not done at the appropriate time. In conclusion, the study was conducted by following the method listed in the article. This studys report discussed the properties and successful method for the purification of enzyme, Bovine Alcohol Dehydrogenase. Even though article procedures were followed, errors occurred which resulted in deviations in results. However, the methods of Gel filtration and CM Sephadex Chromatography where successive but could not be conducted in this lab because the enzyme activity was limited after DEAE Chromatography was performed. More caution should have gained while conducting the experiment. It is emphasized that further research on enzyme purification method could improve the results and find success in the study. Appendix: Sample calculation 1: Volume of one microliter= 0.001mL Volume of 20 microliter= (0.001 ml x 20  µL) / 1  µL = 0.02 ml Therefore, mass of protein in 1mL of stock solution= 0.10 mg Mass of protein in 0.02 ml of stock solution = (0.10 mg x 0.02 ml) / 1 ml = 2 x 10-3 mg To convert mg to  µL, multiply by 1000, Mass of protein= 2 x 10-3 x 1000 = 2  µg Absorbance of the ADH purified Protein, y = 0.2544 Slope Line of equation: Y=mx+b Y= 0.0505 x + 0.0137 0.2544 = 0.0505 x + 0.0137 The mass of the protein, x = (0.2544 0.0137) /0.0505  µg = 4.766  µg Concentration of the protein, C = mass/ volume = 4.766  µg / 25  µl = 0.19  µg/  µl Total mass that recovered= Conc. X Total volume = 0.19 x 1000  µl = 190.64  µg SDS- PAGE method: Absorbance of the ADH purified Protein, y = 0.2544 Slope Line of equation: Y= mx+b Y= 6.0902 x + 33.982 0.2544= 6.0902 x + 33.982 X= (0.2544 33.982) / 6.0902 = 5.538 The mass of the protein = 105.538 = 345143.74 Da References: Arslanian,M.J., Pascoe,E,. and Reinhold,J.G., (1971) Rat Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase.Dept. of Biochem.School of Medicine, American University of Beirut.125,1039-1047. Alcohol Dehydrogenase(ADH)The university of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database.Calzyme. Lab.inc. Shibusawa,Y.,Fujiwara,T.,Shindo,H., andIto,Y. (2004) Purification of alcohol dehydrogenase from bovine liver crude extract by dye-ligand affinity counter-current chromatography, J. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.799(2):239-44. Pateman,J.A., Doy,C.H.,Olsen,J.E.,Norris,U., Creaser. E.H., and Hynes,M.(1983) Regulation of Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDDH) in Aspergillus nidulans.Proceedings of the Royal society.Bio.Sci.217, 243-264. Ward,W.W., and Swiatek,G.,(2009) Protein purification.The state University,, Scool of Environmental and Biology Science,Department of Biochem. And Microbio.76,1- 21. Goodsell,D.(2001) Alcohol Dehydrogenase.Molecule if the month. RCSB.Protein Data Bank.doi: 10.2210.

The Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War Essay -- essays

The Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War An estimated 100,000 African Americans escaped, died or were killed during the American Revolution(Mount). Roughly 95% of African Americans in the United States were slaves, and because of their status, the use of them during the revolution was inevitable(Mount). This led many Americans, especially those from the North, to believe that the South's economy would collapse without slavery due to the use of slaves on the front lines. However, only a small percentage of the slave population enlisted in either army. The concept of using slaves as soldiers was hardly revolutionary. Blacks had served our country with honor and bravery since the country's earliest days. Not only did the black troops fight for the United States, but also for England. The British crown used their heads and made an agreement which would help them draft slave troops. This was a chance for emancipation of slaves who fought against their masters. African Americans were active prior to the start of the war. The Boston Massacre was an event which created a want for independence. On March 5, 1770, the British troops stationed on King Street in Boston were confronted with an uprising and began shooting into the crowd(Davis 206). Crispus Attucks, a black man, led the 1770 uprising against British troops that resulted in the Boston Massacre. It is alleged that he cried out, "Don't be afraid!" as he led the crowd of protesters against armed British...

Nepali Music

Nepal Music The rhythm, beats, bounce of Nepali traditional folk and classical music is spiritual enough to sooth you and entertaining enough to cheer you. Music is associated with every event in Nepal, then be it birth, marriage,festivals or National events. Various songs, musical instruments and dances are connected with various religious, social and cultural life of the Nepalese. Music is the heartbeat of Nepal. Music is associated to every event of life, then be it festivals, feasts, marriage, birth ceremonies or funeral processions.The main genres of Nepali music are pop, rock, folk, and classical. There are a number of other genres that are yet to be cataloged. Fast Facts Traditional Nepali Music| Imported Music| Newari Music| Indian MusicBhajanFilmi music| Khas Music| Western MusicRock & RollRockMetalLatinoPunkHip-HopRap| Gurung Music| | Kirant Music| | Tamang Music| | Magar Music| | Sherpa Music| | Maithili Music| | Bhojpuri Music| | Popular Indigenous Nepalese Music The foll owing music genres have their roots in Nepal and are therefore considered to be indigenous.This includes:- Newari Music The Newars are well-known for their Newari music. It mainly consists of percussion instruments, some wind instruments and no string instruments. All the castes have their musical tunes and bands. Music is cherished by people of all walks of life. There are tunes of certain festivals and seasons and even of certain times of day. The God of artists called Nasadya is found in all the Newar localities. The presence of a Newari musical band in a guthi is considered as a sign of opulence. Khas MusicKhas music belongs to the Khas society where castes like Damai used to play a number of instruments on occasions such as marriages, birth and other feasts. This tradition is now on decline owing to the growing popularity of television, radio and other means of mass communication. The minstrels used to play instruments like Sarangi but even the Gaine are declining in number. La tin music history Latin music  is the result of a complex social and historical process that took place in the Americas after the arrival of Columbus.Despite the traumatic experience, Latin music is one of the positive outcomes that came from that process. The following is a brief introduction to Latin music history that takes a look at the cultural mix and social environment that ended up producing one of the best music genres in the entire world. Indigenous Music Generally speaking, Latin music history starts with the cultural encounter that occurred after the arrival of Columbus. However, it is important to remember that the indigenous people of the New World had their own music.For instance, the Maya culture gave great attention to music producing all kinds of percussion and wind instruments. Wind instruments were very popular among Pre-Columbian cultures. All kinds of flutes were made all over the American continent and fortunately, this original expression has persisted to d ate intraditional Latin music  like South America's Andean music. The Arrival of Europeans to The New World Language was the first contribution that the Spanish and Portuguese powers brought to the New World.Latin music is, in fact, defined to a large extend by the Spanish and Portuguese languages. While Portuguese came to define the music from  Brazil, Spanish language defined the rest of Latin America. The second contribution that Europeans brought to the new land was their music. In fact, when the Spanish conquerors arrived to the American continent their homeland had rich musical expressions that included traditions from both the European and the Arab worlds. Along with their music, Europeans also brought their instruments.Originally, these instruments were intended to recreate the music that was played in Europe. However, they soon became the ideal tools to express the feelings of the new inhabitants that were defining the roots of Latin America. The African Influence The A frican slaves that arrived to the New World brought with them all the traditions and beats from their continent. The African influence in Latin music is so big that this could be the single most important element in Latin music history. That influence, of course, does not touch all the rhythms and styles that belong to Latin music.However, if we just take a look at the music that has come from Brazil and the Caribbean, then we know how significant this influence is. Samba,  Salsa,  Merengue,  Bachata,  Timba, and many more, are just some of the rhythms that have been shaped by African beats. The full picture about this influence includes also African-American music. In particular, the development of Jazz had a tremendous impact in the making of Latin music rhythms such as Mambo,Bossa Nova, and Latin Jazz. More recently, African-American styles like R;B and Hip-Hop have defined the development of  Latin music genres  such asReggaeton  and Urban music.A Social Phenomenon The encounter of the three cultures mentioned before created the dynamic social environment that has shaped Latin music since the colonial times. This environment has been nurtured by foreign sounds, regional traditions, class divisions, and even national identities. Latin Pop  and  Rock en Espanol  have been shaped by the foreign sounds of Rock, Alternative and Pop music. Regional traditions like the cowboy way of life in the plains of  Colombia  and Venezuela have produced  Llanera  music.Social conditions, especially those created by immigration and class divisions, are behind the development of  Tango  in Argentina. Traditional Mexican music  was largely defined by a feeling of national identity that was incorporated into Mariachi music after the Mexican Revolution. Considering all this, a serious study of Latin music history is definitely an overwhelming task. However, there is no other way to deal with it. Latin music is a complex phenomenon that reflects the complex history of Latin America, a mixed region whose social environment has forged some of the most beautiful sounds in the world. Nepali Music Nepal Music The rhythm, beats, bounce of Nepali traditional folk and classical music is spiritual enough to sooth you and entertaining enough to cheer you. Music is associated with every event in Nepal, then be it birth, marriage,festivals or National events. Various songs, musical instruments and dances are connected with various religious, social and cultural life of the Nepalese. Music is the heartbeat of Nepal. Music is associated to every event of life, then be it festivals, feasts, marriage, birth ceremonies or funeral processions.The main genres of Nepali music are pop, rock, folk, and classical. There are a number of other genres that are yet to be cataloged. Fast Facts Traditional Nepali Music| Imported Music| Newari Music| Indian MusicBhajanFilmi music| Khas Music| Western MusicRock & RollRockMetalLatinoPunkHip-HopRap| Gurung Music| | Kirant Music| | Tamang Music| | Magar Music| | Sherpa Music| | Maithili Music| | Bhojpuri Music| | Popular Indigenous Nepalese Music The foll owing music genres have their roots in Nepal and are therefore considered to be indigenous.This includes:- Newari Music The Newars are well-known for their Newari music. It mainly consists of percussion instruments, some wind instruments and no string instruments. All the castes have their musical tunes and bands. Music is cherished by people of all walks of life. There are tunes of certain festivals and seasons and even of certain times of day. The God of artists called Nasadya is found in all the Newar localities. The presence of a Newari musical band in a guthi is considered as a sign of opulence. Khas MusicKhas music belongs to the Khas society where castes like Damai used to play a number of instruments on occasions such as marriages, birth and other feasts. This tradition is now on decline owing to the growing popularity of television, radio and other means of mass communication. The minstrels used to play instruments like Sarangi but even the Gaine are declining in number. La tin music history Latin music  is the result of a complex social and historical process that took place in the Americas after the arrival of Columbus.Despite the traumatic experience, Latin music is one of the positive outcomes that came from that process. The following is a brief introduction to Latin music history that takes a look at the cultural mix and social environment that ended up producing one of the best music genres in the entire world. Indigenous Music Generally speaking, Latin music history starts with the cultural encounter that occurred after the arrival of Columbus. However, it is important to remember that the indigenous people of the New World had their own music.For instance, the Maya culture gave great attention to music producing all kinds of percussion and wind instruments. Wind instruments were very popular among Pre-Columbian cultures. All kinds of flutes were made all over the American continent and fortunately, this original expression has persisted to d ate intraditional Latin music  like South America's Andean music. The Arrival of Europeans to The New World Language was the first contribution that the Spanish and Portuguese powers brought to the New World.Latin music is, in fact, defined to a large extend by the Spanish and Portuguese languages. While Portuguese came to define the music from  Brazil, Spanish language defined the rest of Latin America. The second contribution that Europeans brought to the new land was their music. In fact, when the Spanish conquerors arrived to the American continent their homeland had rich musical expressions that included traditions from both the European and the Arab worlds. Along with their music, Europeans also brought their instruments.Originally, these instruments were intended to recreate the music that was played in Europe. However, they soon became the ideal tools to express the feelings of the new inhabitants that were defining the roots of Latin America. The African Influence The A frican slaves that arrived to the New World brought with them all the traditions and beats from their continent. The African influence in Latin music is so big that this could be the single most important element in Latin music history. That influence, of course, does not touch all the rhythms and styles that belong to Latin music.However, if we just take a look at the music that has come from Brazil and the Caribbean, then we know how significant this influence is. Samba,  Salsa,  Merengue,  Bachata,  Timba, and many more, are just some of the rhythms that have been shaped by African beats. The full picture about this influence includes also African-American music. In particular, the development of Jazz had a tremendous impact in the making of Latin music rhythms such as Mambo,Bossa Nova, and Latin Jazz. More recently, African-American styles like R;B and Hip-Hop have defined the development of  Latin music genres  such asReggaeton  and Urban music.A Social Phenomenon The encounter of the three cultures mentioned before created the dynamic social environment that has shaped Latin music since the colonial times. This environment has been nurtured by foreign sounds, regional traditions, class divisions, and even national identities. Latin Pop  and  Rock en Espanol  have been shaped by the foreign sounds of Rock, Alternative and Pop music. Regional traditions like the cowboy way of life in the plains of  Colombia  and Venezuela have produced  Llanera  music.Social conditions, especially those created by immigration and class divisions, are behind the development of  Tango  in Argentina. Traditional Mexican music  was largely defined by a feeling of national identity that was incorporated into Mariachi music after the Mexican Revolution. Considering all this, a serious study of Latin music history is definitely an overwhelming task. However, there is no other way to deal with it. Latin music is a complex phenomenon that reflects the complex history of Latin America, a mixed region whose social environment has forged some of the most beautiful sounds in the world.

Ethics In Science

Ethics is the difference between what is morally right and wrong. A scientist has to know the ethical consequences of their work. The scientist Is responsible. There are many consequences Like the harm and amount of risk and benefit in science. There are also ethical procedures Involved In science. These procedures Include promoting alms of research and knowledge. These procedures help ensure accountability. The big difference Is that ethics and laws are not the same. Laws are established rules while ethics is the morals of a culture.Ethics is important because it makes sure that cooperation and joint endeavors run smoothly. One example of ethics in science is stem cell research. Stem Cell Research is when undeveloped cells are molded from adult cells, embryonic cells, and cord cells to finally be created as other cells. Stem Cell research is used as a treatment for such problems as heart disease, diabetes leukemia, and etc. One pro is that adult stem cells are a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues. Researching and using these stem cells may lead to progress and future discoveries in the future.That is the good part, but there are also some cons. These cons mostly got to do with embryonic stem cells. Some stem ells are taken from embryonic stem cells. The problem Is that scientists find extraction more Important than the misery of destroying a human being. Clients such as Dry. Xavier Lopez said â€Å"This Is the future of medicine, and I want to be a part of it. † Now, Stem Cells hold great potential in helping many human diseases and conditions. Stem cells are able to reproduce without causing damage. These are the ethics of stem cell research. Stem Cells overall can both save and destroy people.In the article, â€Å"Scientists Fabricate Rudimentary Human Livers† by Gina Kola speaks about scientists who have created a human liver from stem cells. This is good because it is a monumental achievement in science. This human liver is an example that stem cells can help us live for a long time. This was done by transferring liver buds into mice. Liver buds were put on the brain and the abdomen. The liver buds functioned Like human livers. Dry. Kenneth Caret states that â€Å"They were letting nature do Its thing rather than trying to conceive of what the right signals might be. This Is an ethical example because It shows that there are some major signs that stem cells are evolving. The creation of this liver is able to replenish organs. This is good because it shows that this liver is able to function. Dry. Take mentions that they can try to take it to the clinic and treat it on people whose liver have stopped working. This is a benefit because people will be able to get some part of their body back. â€Å"This is a major breakthrough of monumental significance† said Dry. Hilled Tibias.In the article, â€Å"Stem Cell Treatments Overtake Science† by Laura Bell talks about how Stem Cells are taking over the medical and scientific world. Maggie Allies, a victim of emphysema found out that adult stem cells were promoted as a cure for everything. † Doctors at the Regenerative Medicine Institute are hoping to take 130 million stem cells and transfer them to her lungs. These stem cells are helping her because the actual doctors could not. Stem Cells have risen because customers Like Maggie are hoping for a â€Å"personal miracle. † Stem Cells are flourishing In TIJuana.This is a big benefit because are about 20 clinics giving adult stem cell therapy to on it. He follows up with it by saying â€Å"It was eye-opening† and â€Å"This is the future of medicine, and I want to be a part of it. † This is good because Dry. Lopez is being ireful and has good intentions. He follows his ideas up by saying that Mexico lacks the government that the USA has. These clinical trials of stem cells are within the accepted structure of the Tijuana government. This is good the go vernment in Tijuana is watching over these trials. Dry.Lopez finally says that â€Å"I'm very proud of what we are doing. † Japanese researchers have created a human liver from human stem cells. Gina Kola covers this story in her article, â€Å"Scientists Fabricate Rudimentary Human Livers. † To create a human liver from stem cells can always cause pros and cons in the scientific field. The cons for creating this human liver are that it's more of an early fetal version. This is bad because it cannot develop into a full human liver. Sadly, the liver cells did not take up space in the body. It did not develop any blood supplies or systems.This is bad because it can damage a person's body. Anyways, other researchers tried recreating this human liver. These other livers would eventually die and would not function. If this liver fails, many things start to happen such as the abdominal area becomes filled with fluid. Eventually, a disease will begin. This is the negative of the human liver cell. This is why it will never be treated on humans. Another bad thing is that this human liver in a three- dimensional structure. Thus, it will never be put into the human body.The article also mentions that Dry. Caret has said, â€Å"We don't know if the cells will grow out of control or will poop out. † These researchers such as Dry. Tibias hopes they soon succeed. â€Å"It really has the potential to undermine the legitimacy of the whole world†, says Dry. Hashes Eased of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. Dry. Eased is right because there a lot of controversial ideas surrounding the SE of stem cells. One problem at the Regenerative Medicine Institute is that stem cells cannot regenerate no matter where they are placed.These safety precautions still remain unanswered. This is seriously bad because the patient would not be able to get that kind of service again for too much money. This is also an economical problem because it costs a lot of money to work on these patients. Scientists now fear the consequences of their work because of the growing number of clinics. This brings up the idea that there is responsibility, risk, and benefit involved in having ethics in science. In the article, a pathologist is mentioned to had illegally processed and shipped stem cells without permission from the F.D. A. This is a major problem because without these cells being checked these lives are in danger. Dry. Sedan follows his idea up by saying that patients don't know the difference between science and conning. This is bad because people can be cheated by researchers and they will be affected. Dry. Lopez, the founder of the institute says that he works with the Mexican authorities to follow the uniform standards. In the end, Stem Cells can find a way to destroy us. There are many consequences like the harm and amount of risk and benefit in science.This is shown in both articles. These stories show that scientists are trying to help the world, but not intentionally destroying it. Stem Cells hold great potential in saving human lives. This is the ethics of stem cell research. The human liver is a great achievement in the field of science, but it cannot function. People can recreate these discoveries. Stem Cells are helping people unlike the they are changing the world. Stem Cells might not be fix some things, but soon it will and will be amazing. This is the good and bad of ethics in stem cells. Ethics In Science Ethics is the difference between what is morally right and wrong. A scientist has to know the ethical consequences of their work. The scientist Is responsible. There are many consequences Like the harm and amount of risk and benefit in science. There are also ethical procedures Involved In science. These procedures Include promoting alms of research and knowledge. These procedures help ensure accountability. The big difference Is that ethics and laws are not the same. Laws are established rules while ethics is the morals of a culture.Ethics is important because it makes sure that cooperation and joint endeavors run smoothly. One example of ethics in science is stem cell research. Stem Cell Research is when undeveloped cells are molded from adult cells, embryonic cells, and cord cells to finally be created as other cells. Stem Cell research is used as a treatment for such problems as heart disease, diabetes leukemia, and etc. One pro is that adult stem cells are a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues. Researching and using these stem cells may lead to progress and future discoveries in the future.That is the good part, but there are also some cons. These cons mostly got to do with embryonic stem cells. Some stem ells are taken from embryonic stem cells. The problem Is that scientists find extraction more Important than the misery of destroying a human being. Clients such as Dry. Xavier Lopez said â€Å"This Is the future of medicine, and I want to be a part of it. † Now, Stem Cells hold great potential in helping many human diseases and conditions. Stem cells are able to reproduce without causing damage. These are the ethics of stem cell research. Stem Cells overall can both save and destroy people.In the article, â€Å"Scientists Fabricate Rudimentary Human Livers† by Gina Kola speaks about scientists who have created a human liver from stem cells. This is good because it is a monumental achievement in science. This human liver is an example that stem cells can help us live for a long time. This was done by transferring liver buds into mice. Liver buds were put on the brain and the abdomen. The liver buds functioned Like human livers. Dry. Kenneth Caret states that â€Å"They were letting nature do Its thing rather than trying to conceive of what the right signals might be. This Is an ethical example because It shows that there are some major signs that stem cells are evolving. The creation of this liver is able to replenish organs. This is good because it shows that this liver is able to function. Dry. Take mentions that they can try to take it to the clinic and treat it on people whose liver have stopped working. This is a benefit because people will be able to get some part of their body back. â€Å"This is a major breakthrough of monumental significance† said Dry. Hilled Tibias.In the article, â€Å"Stem Cell Treatments Overtake Science† by Laura Bell talks about how Stem Cells are taking over the medical and scientific world. Maggie Allies, a victim of emphysema found out that adult stem cells were promoted as a cure for everything. † Doctors at the Regenerative Medicine Institute are hoping to take 130 million stem cells and transfer them to her lungs. These stem cells are helping her because the actual doctors could not. Stem Cells have risen because customers Like Maggie are hoping for a â€Å"personal miracle. † Stem Cells are flourishing In TIJuana.This is a big benefit because are about 20 clinics giving adult stem cell therapy to on it. He follows up with it by saying â€Å"It was eye-opening† and â€Å"This is the future of medicine, and I want to be a part of it. † This is good because Dry. Lopez is being ireful and has good intentions. He follows his ideas up by saying that Mexico lacks the government that the USA has. These clinical trials of stem cells are within the accepted structure of the Tijuana government. This is good the go vernment in Tijuana is watching over these trials. Dry.Lopez finally says that â€Å"I'm very proud of what we are doing. † Japanese researchers have created a human liver from human stem cells. Gina Kola covers this story in her article, â€Å"Scientists Fabricate Rudimentary Human Livers. † To create a human liver from stem cells can always cause pros and cons in the scientific field. The cons for creating this human liver are that it's more of an early fetal version. This is bad because it cannot develop into a full human liver. Sadly, the liver cells did not take up space in the body. It did not develop any blood supplies or systems.This is bad because it can damage a person's body. Anyways, other researchers tried recreating this human liver. These other livers would eventually die and would not function. If this liver fails, many things start to happen such as the abdominal area becomes filled with fluid. Eventually, a disease will begin. This is the negative of the human liver cell. This is why it will never be treated on humans. Another bad thing is that this human liver in a three- dimensional structure. Thus, it will never be put into the human body.The article also mentions that Dry. Caret has said, â€Å"We don't know if the cells will grow out of control or will poop out. † These researchers such as Dry. Tibias hopes they soon succeed. â€Å"It really has the potential to undermine the legitimacy of the whole world†, says Dry. Hashes Eased of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. Dry. Eased is right because there a lot of controversial ideas surrounding the SE of stem cells. One problem at the Regenerative Medicine Institute is that stem cells cannot regenerate no matter where they are placed.These safety precautions still remain unanswered. This is seriously bad because the patient would not be able to get that kind of service again for too much money. This is also an economical problem because it costs a lot of money to work on these patients. Scientists now fear the consequences of their work because of the growing number of clinics. This brings up the idea that there is responsibility, risk, and benefit involved in having ethics in science. In the article, a pathologist is mentioned to had illegally processed and shipped stem cells without permission from the F.D. A. This is a major problem because without these cells being checked these lives are in danger. Dry. Sedan follows his idea up by saying that patients don't know the difference between science and conning. This is bad because people can be cheated by researchers and they will be affected. Dry. Lopez, the founder of the institute says that he works with the Mexican authorities to follow the uniform standards. In the end, Stem Cells can find a way to destroy us. There are many consequences like the harm and amount of risk and benefit in science.This is shown in both articles. These stories show that scientists are trying to help the world, but not intentionally destroying it. Stem Cells hold great potential in saving human lives. This is the ethics of stem cell research. The human liver is a great achievement in the field of science, but it cannot function. People can recreate these discoveries. Stem Cells are helping people unlike the they are changing the world. Stem Cells might not be fix some things, but soon it will and will be amazing. This is the good and bad of ethics in stem cells.